Principles of Taxation in Nigeria - 14253 Words

RGeneral Principles of Taxation Fundamental Principles in Taxation Taxation ï‚ · Taxation is the inherent power of the sovereign, exercised through the legislature, to impose burdens upon subjects and objects within its jurisdiction for the purpose of raising revenues to carry out the legitimate objects of government. ï‚ · It is also defined as the act of levying a tax, i.e. the process or means by which the sovereign, through its law-making body, raises income to defray the necessary expenses of government. It is a method of apportioning the cost of government among those who, in some measure, are privileged to enjoy its benefits and must therefore bear its burdens. Taxes ï‚ ·Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦The oil industry is greatly imbued with public interest as it vitally affects the general welfare. Sumptuary purpose of taxation ï‚ · More popularly known as the non-revenue or regulatory purpose of taxation. While the primary purpose of taxation is to raise revenue for the support of the government, taxation is often employed as a devise for regulation by means of which certain effects or conditions envisioned by the government may be achieved. ï‚ · For example, government may provide tax incentives to protect and promote new and pioneer industries. The imposition of special duties, like dumping duty, marking duty, retaliatory duty, and countervailing duty, promote the non-revenue or sumptuary purpose of taxation. Theory and basis of taxation ï‚ · The power of taxation proceeds upon the theory that the existence of government is a necessity; that it cannot continue without means to pay its expenses; and that for these means, it has a right to compel all its citizens and property within its limits to contribute. ï‚ · The basis of taxation is found in the reciprocal duties of protection and support between the State and its inhabitants. In return for his contribution, the taxpayer rec eived benefits and protection from the government. This is the so-called â€Å"benefits received principle.† Life blood or necessity theory ï‚ · The life blood theory constitutesShow MoreRelatedTax Implications of E-Commerce in Nigeria4601 Words   |  19 PagesINTRODUCTION The development of any nation depends on the amount of revenue generated by the government for the provision of infrastructural facilities. One major source of generating this revenue is taxation. According to Azubike (2009), tax is a major source of government revenue all over the world, including Nigeria. Government use tax proceeds to render their traditional functions such as the provision public goods, maintenance of law and order, defense against external and internal aggression, regulationRead MoreTaxation as an Instrument of Economic Growth and Development in Nigeria13527 Words   |  55 Pages TAXATION AS AN INSTRUMENT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA BY MOHAMMED NASIR MOHAMMED 08/02AC039 AUG, 2012 CERTIFICATION This research work has been read and approved as meeting the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Science (Hons.) degree in the Department of Accounting, College of Management sciences, Al-Hikmah University of Ilorin, Ilorin. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Mr. A.B Uthman Read MoreIntegrated Reporting Of Nigeri Where We Are Coming From1371 Words   |  6 PagesINTEGRATED REPORTING IN NIGERIA: WHERE WE ARE COMING FROM 4.1 PRACTICES PLAYERS Accounting principles as practiced in Nigeria has its origin in Britain due to the colonial influence and the early influence of accountants of Nigerian origin who were practising in the UK. These accountants were made a move to institutionalize accounting in Nigeria and therefore designed the framework of accounting practice based on their current inclination. Association of Accountants in Nigeria (AAN) [1] the progenitorRead MoreConcept Of Vat On Imported Services1819 Words   |  8 PagesConcept of VAT on Imported Services in Nigeria Introduction: Value Added Tax (VAT) is a consumption tax payable on the goods and service consumed by any person, whether government agencies, business organizations or individuals. It is a consumption tax on economic operations including imports which in this context means goods and services brought form abroad into Nigeria. The target of VAT is consumption of goods and services and unless an item is specifically exempted under the VAT Act, Cap. V1Read MoreTax Administration in Nigeria: a Case Study of Federal Inland Revenue Service(Firs)6621 Words   |  27 PagesABSTRACT Taxation is a dynamic subject which grows with the constant change in the economic environment in which it operates, hence the need to review the regulating instruments from time to time. Nigeria is governed by a federal system hence its fiscal operations also adhere to the same principle, a fact which has serious implications on how the tax system is managed. The country’s tax system is lopsided, and dominated by oil revenue. It is also characterized by unnecessarily complex, distortionaryRead MoreIn Finance, Scholars Are Led By The Matter They Want To1076 Words   |  5 Pagesscholars debate about how the rich and the poor should be taxed (Christina Romer). Sometimes, finance scholars can agree to the principle, but debate to the way the principle should be applied. The adoption of the accounting standard principle (Bashir Mande) can illustrate that kind of debate. Some finance scholars believe that adoption of the standard accounting principle can improve the business in a country, while others recognize its importance but do not see it as a requirement for the improvementRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of The European Union1123 Words   |  5 Page sThe main advantages of trading blocs, Free trade within the bloc Knowing that they have free access to each other s markets, members are encouraged to specialise. This means that for UB, at the regional level, there is a wider application of the principle of comparative advantage. Market access and trade creation, easier access to each other’s markets means that trade between members is likely to increase. Trade creation exists when free trade enables high cost domestic producers to be replaced byRead MoreTax Evasion6406 Words   |  26 PagesasionTHE SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEM OF TAX AVOIDANCE AND EVASION IN NIGERIA: AN OVERVIEW Dominic Asada LL.B. (Hons.) B.L, LL.M. Tax Avoidance and Evasion are some of the most perplexing problems facing the nation today. It is widely believed that there is a considerable difference between estimated revenue from taxation every year and what is actually collected. This disturbing aversion to taxation has some historical antecedents. Traditionally, there has always been a hostile response to the paymentRead MoreImc Advantages1679 Words   |  7 Pagesindices. SharÄ «`ah-compliant equities may also appeal to the global socially responsible investing (SRI) community, as well as environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) investors, in view of similarities in their underlying values and principles; therefore, the market demand for these stocks is potentially much larger. Furthermore, the screening of stocks creates an additional positive effect for the Islamic financial institutions, as the prohibition of Riba (interest) would lead companiesRead MoreBritish Colonies And Its Impact On South Africa1938 Words   |  8 Pagesemployed a system call direct rule. The French rulers wanted to assimilate or incorporate the peoples of West Africa . The British however preferred a system called indirect rule and it was applied to many of their West African colonies including Nigeria and Ghana. It has proven to be detrimental to problems in Africa and can be linked to the political past of the British colonial government. The goal of this p aper is to expose the reasons for indirect rule in British colonies and the negative impact

How Will I Be Successful For College - 878 Words

In today’s society, many people are considering college to either advance their career, make a switch in jobs or start on a path to a more prosperous life. With that set in mind, questions comes to mind â€Å"how will I be successful in college? How can I pass all my classes with the best possible grade?† I, myself have had these exact thoughts, and through trial and error have learned some beneficial skills along the way. Three steps that have helped me get good grades and maintain them are attending classes, effective note taking, and time management. Firstly, attending classes is priority, and essential since lectures tend to discuss plenty of material in a short period of time. For example, in my psychology class which is three hours, once a week, we review about three chapters each class, then in next week’s class we start on the following set of chapters, then a test is assigned the proceeding week. Along with reviewing the chapters we get handouts, and in the class notes that are not incorporated in the textbook chapters. These prove helpful when the test is assigned as they come from the professor who make the test. In addition, attendance is key because the instructor may amend the assignment or due date and you may not know about it. In my math class, we have a project that is due on March 28th except the professor was kindhearted enough to postpone it to April 7th. Only the people who were in class knew about this, as he did not send out an email, or update the dueShow MoreRelatedPublic And Private Universities Sho uld Be Free For All Students978 Words   |  4 PagesTUITION IS HOW MUCH!?† my father exclaimed in shock. His eyes bugged out of his head and he held the piece of paper away from him, as if it had assaulted him. 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Then reality quickly hits upon graduating high school, the world is cruel and being successful means being happy with their careers while having the opportunity to provide forRead MoreGoldstein Essay1073 Words   |  5 Pagesnecessity to achieve success in today’s society? I believe that children should be able to live their childhood as a child, compared to living like an adult. Being a child, you learn to develop into your own being. Children are developing morals, values, and goals while dreaming for the future is a part of life and should not be taken away. Imagine being told you could only receive straight A’s and only attend an Ivy League school to be successful in life. Patrick Goldstein’s â€Å"Tiger Mom vs. TigerRead MoreDefinition Of Proper T ime Management990 Words   |  4 Pagesnothing more than a few simple disciplines, practiced every day†¦Ã¢â‚¬  said Jim Rohn. Successful college students will need to follow a few simple self-disciplines day in and day. 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What I mean by this is that education is supposed to help usRead MoreMy Academic Experience994 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience prior to college has been an exciting event through my life. During my schooling before college I learned about very important skills. The information I learned from my teachers helped me gain an understanding of the diffe rent techniques I needed to succeed in the real world. School also helped me develop better social skills which helped me become a better person. As a student in school I had many successful experiences, and challenges. These experiences and challenges that I faced helpedRead MorePersuasive Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesFatemah Karim Ms. Meyer AP English 11 February 22, 2013 Is it really worth going to college, owing hundreds of dollars in order to get a degree in a profession to become successful and experienced in the real world? Today, as tuition costs increase students are questioning whether college is fit for them or not. For one, college can be really expensive, for example at the University of Minnesota for an undergraduate during the academic year of 2011-2012, the cost for one credit was $448.08 and $5Read MoreHelping Other Students On Young Students918 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper is an attempt to assist other students on how to become successful in college. There is a lot of pressure in college and course topics may seem difficult to understand or retain but there is always assistance in your college. The first topic I would like to cover is stress. Here is something to keep in mind if stress occurs. Did you know that stress could make you lose your short term and a long-term memory? Well it can. Therefore, in order to think clearly , to learn while in class

My Personal Theory Free Essays

string(43) " I worked for a while in a school setting\." My Personal Theory of Counseling Kristen Bellows University of Texas at San Antonio My Personal Theory of Counseling Perhaps nothing is as significant to the success of the therapeutic process and nothing represents the foundation of successful therapy more than one’s personal theory of counseling. All individuals in all aspects of life work from some belief system, perspective, or model of how the world works, how things are, and how things interact. Developing a deep understanding of one’s own personal theory leads to better decision-making with respect to the therapeutic process, including therapist approach and client interaction. We will write a custom essay sample on My Personal Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such an understanding also promotes a greater ability to intervene more effectively with clients whose values are in contrast to one’s own. Being aware of one’s own personal theory of the world and, subsequently, one’s view of counseling, also helps the therapist identify individual strengths and areas for improvement. The personal orientation of the therapist is a sum total of many influences such as interests, self-awareness, experience, values, and compassion for others, among many other things. Such influences have a direct impact on one’s personal theory of counseling. For instance, my Christian upbringing, experiences, and beliefs have a significant impact on my personal view of the world and others and, therefore, also on my theory of counseling. My religious beliefs and values coincide with some therapeutic approaches and not others. In this paper I delve into my recent introspective and reflective explorations as well as the experiences and lessons I have learned throughout my life which has led me to embrace and adopt the particular theory of  counseling I believe suits me the most at this time. Of all the theories I have learned for the duration of this class, none has resonated with me as much as Existentialism. While I have a tremendous reverence for psychoanalysis and its focus on examining the causal factors behind one’s thoughts, feelings and behaviors i. e. one’s past/childhood, the unconscious, as well as its contribution of key concepts to counseling such as transference and countertransference, I am a bit unsettled by the deterministic and rigid view this approach takes of human nature. I connect much more deeply to the philosophies of  existentialism: the emphasis it places on an authentic and genuine encounter with clients, its recognition and respect for the client’s subjective world, trust in the capacity of the client to make positive decisions and the concepts it focuses on in counseling such as meaning, purpose, freedom, responsibility, choice, isolation, death concepts that relate to our mere existing in the world and the larger scheme of life. I tend to shy away from the theories such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, feminist therapy, and gestalt therapy, which are very technique-oriented, exercise-driven, directive in approach, and simply require too much action on the therapist’s behalf. I feel these theories do not allow much of the client’s pursuits and search for meaning in life to come through or at least, it is not the major focus of therapy. I do recognize that for some clients these other therapies may be useful, which is why I do not discredit nor dislike them; I just feel that they do not mesh with who I am personally and are not as inherent to my way of  being as much as the precepts of existentialism are. Personally, I hope to find out my purpose in life and contribute something meaningful to the world. Over the few months of self-reflection, I realize that I simply get great joy through serving others and helping them in any way I can. I am more concerned with creating a meaningful identity and relationships with others as I recognize the limits to my existence. I know that one day, I, as well as everyone else will die, and I therefore have a longing to make the most of my time on earth and the time spent with others filled with less conflict and more harmony and love. To me, love is the ultimate gift in this world, and I think it is one of the most powerful gifts that I possess and would like to share with everyone. I always believe there is something good to love in everyone and don’t believe in categorizing people as good or bad, healthy or unhealthy. I don’t believe that one’s existence is fixed or that people are tied to their  past. I think we are always re-creating ourselves and making sense of each moment of the life we live. Perhaps I relate so well to the concepts of existentialism also because it explores basic dimensions of the human condition, particularly death, which closely ties in with religion. Religion, namely that of the Baptist religion, has played a large role in my life. It has helped me make sense of life and been a moral compass in most regards. The parallel I see drawn between the Baptist religion and existentialism in terms of death occurs when I think about the Lenten season and something the priest says on Ash Wednesday: â€Å"Remember man that thou art dust and unto dust thou shalt return. † This act reminds me of our mortality, similarly to how the existentialist perspective tries to allow us to grasp the inevitability of death. Death to me is not something I try to avoid thinking about. It is something that I am very aware of and has had a marked impact on my life. I am constantly seeking a life full of zest, meaning, and one that is filled with love and service to others. In this search, I have experienced the existential anxiety that comes from some of the inevitable conditions of simply being alive. That is, loneliness, finiteness and freedom of choice all bring up a certain amount of anxiety in me, yet I use this anxiety as reason to make changes in my life. After I graduated with my degree in psychology in 2003, I worked for a while in a school setting. You read "My Personal Theory" in category "Essay examples" Working in the school especially caused a lot of  anxiety in me because I constantly felt that I was not living up to my potential. I just felt as though the job I was doing was a means to no end. My view on work is that it should not be just a job, but rather a career, a lifestyle, something that you are proud to call your profession. It has helped me make sense of what I am called to do and given my life a purpose. I am happy with the path I am on right now. As an existentialist, therapy would also be structured around increasing a client’s self-awareness. This is important because we need to be aware of our capacities in order to exercise freedom and live as fully as possible. I would try to especially help clients take responsibility for  their lives instead of passively letting circumstances and external forces direct their future. I would try to point out how it would be an inauthentic way of living if one subsumes the role of a victim instead of exercising the freedom that they possess. I strongly believe that we can create and shape our lives and rise to the challenges that it may present us with. In saying all this, I would not take a directive stance in expressing these opinions, as in doing so, I would be making decisions and choices for the client that they might not choose to accept. I would rather challenge them to explore how they have been living in the past that has prompted them to seek therapy today and help them discover new ways of living that will lead to a change in their situation. A large part of therapy as well would include helping clients trust in themselves to find the answers, rather than look to others to direct them. Ultimately, we are alone. As cynical as it may sound, we did come into the world alone and we will die alone. We of course depend on our  human relationships with others and connecting with others is very important, however, we must be able to function as our own person firstly and form our own identity in order to relate healthily to others. One cannot rely all the time on others for the answers and depend upon them for their happiness. In therapy, when clients try to do the same of me as a therapist, in order to break this pattern, I would explain to them that there is no easy answer and that they alone have the capability to find the right answer. In therapy, I would also try to provide the space for clients to find meaning in their life by asking questions that help them explore whether or not they are content with their current life, and who they are becoming, as well as helping them establish values that they will need to adopt in order to live a life that is meaningful to them. I would also be sure to talk frankly about the reality of death. Ignoring the topic of death makes its presence even stronger than if one were to confront it. In doing this, that is, addressing a fear that seems overwhelming to explore, a client is also opened up to experiencing life in a more authentic way. Along with the goals of exploring anxiety, self-awareness, death, freedom and responsibility, and a meaningful life, the relationship between the client and me is of central prominence. Our therapeutic encounter will be the activator of positive change and it requires honesty and authenticity of me as well, in order to join the client in their subjective experience. I believe as a therapist, it will take a lot of courage, respect and faith in the client’s ability to grow and reach greater heights and it is important that I am fully present to the client in our  encounters. Although right now I am solely focusing on the existential approach to therapy, I believe that later on as I see a variety of clients, I may need to adapt certain interventions or  techniques from other theories that might be suitable for a particular client. However, I believe my main assumptions and goals for clients will remain in line with that of existentialism. The existential theory of counseling appears to be an appropriate theoretical base to use in counseling because it fits my style of counseling. It is supportive of the client finding meaning in life, which resolves the existential anxiety many people are feeling today. In addition the existential philosophy supports clients’ spiritual growth but likewise can be used with a secular approach as well. In the same way I would evaluate a client’s success on the basis of whether they have been able to find a purposeful existence through the discovery of their  strengths, their own freedom of choice etc. , is how I would evaluate myself personally and as a counselor. Can I live authentically? Can I create a life of meaning? Can I sit with ambivalence and anxiety? Can I make my own choices without having to depend on others? Can I face my fears rather than live a restricted existence? I do not have all the answers to these questions thus far, but they are important questions to me that I am always trying to answer. They are questions which I will probably always be asking myself as I re-evaluate and re-discover myself, but one thing I have realized thus far that is true for me, is that love is the highest goal to which I aspire. I wish to serve others and bring about change in others in counseling through this vessel. References Seligman, L. , Reichenberg, L. W. (2010). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy: Systems, Strategies, and Skills (3rd ed. ). New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. How to cite My Personal Theory, Essay examples

Linda Medical History

Questions: Case 11. Discuss the pathophysiology of each condition in Lindas past medical history 2. What are the clinical manifestations of chronic heart failure which are evident with Lindas case? 3. Outline the nursing interventions that should be performed when Linda is found bending over the bedside table and provide appropriate rationales. Note any potential risks or complications related to these interventions if applicable. 4. Provide three nursing diagnoses (and a rationale for each) that can be made in relation to Lindas physiological and psychosocial health problems. 5. Outline the nursing interventions that should be implemented following the diagnoses made in Question 4. 6. Identity two health support services that Linda may require on admission to the ward and briefly discuss their role.Case 21. Discuss the pathophysiology of each condition in Lindas past medical history 2. What are the clinical manifestations of chronic heart failure which are evident with Lindas case? 3. Outline the nursing interventions that should be performed when Linda is found bending over the bedside table.4. Provide three nursing diagnoses (and a rationale for each) that can be made in relation to Lindas physiological and psychosocial health problems. 5. Outline the nursing interventions that should be implemented following the diagnoses made in Question 4. 6. Identity two health support services that Linda may require on admission to the ward and briefly discuss their role. Answers: Nursing Case Study Case study: 1 1. Pathophysiology of asthma Asthma is said to be an airway complication, which can be categorized physiologically as variable and partly reversible airflow obstruction and pathologically with overgrown mucus glands, bronchoconstriction, inflammation and thickening of airways because of scarring (Frieri, 2005). Bronchoconstriction is said to be the condition where airways become narrowed down within the lungs because of tightening of associated smooth muscle. Bronchial inflammation causes narrowing sown of airways because of swelling and edema caused by various immune reactions to allergens. Pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Severe damage of small airways leads to the buildup of big air pockets that is medically known as bullae and changes the tissue of the lungs. These complications are referred to as bullous emphysema (Rodrguez-Roisin, 2005). COPD occurs as constant and significant inflammatory response to the inhaled irritants. Continual bacterial infectivity may sometimes take part in inflammatory condition. Inflammatory cells, which are associated with COPD: neutrophil granulocytes, macrophages and few white blood cells. In addition smokers pose eosinophil, TC1and lymphocyte association. Pathophysiology of hypertension The hypertension pathophysiology is very much complicated. Various factors can modulte blood pressure for sufficient tissue perfusion (Zanchetti, 2014). These are: humoral mediators, circulating volume of blood, blood viscosity, cardiac output, neural simulation. Humoral factors may include balance of vasodilators and vasoconstriction. Pathophysiology of chronic heart failure The pathophysiology of chronic heart failure and leg swelling are correlated. The swelling of leg might have arisen because of fluid accumulation inside Lindas system. Fluid accumulation takes place because of reduced blood flow out of the heart and causes blood to return to heart through veins. This initiates accumulation of fluid within the lower limbs (Coats, 2000). 2. Clinical manifestations of chronic heart failure includes shortness of breathing or dyspnoea, fatigue, wheezing or chronic cough, irregular heartbeat, nausea or lack of appetite, impaired thinking, fluid buildup and quick weight gain. Important clinical manifestations, which go along with Lindas condition may include: productive and persistent cough, breathing shortness or dyspnoea, fluid buildup in legs and recent weight gain (Des Jardins and Burton, 2011). Dyspnoea may takes place because of the feeling of inadequate oxygen, chest tightness and daily living activity. Congestive heart failure takes place when a heart fails to properly circulate the blood successfully and fails to maintain the flow of blood to meet the systems requirements. If the case of chronic heart failure worsens, a patient may retain fluid inside his/her system. This takes place because of restricted blood flow to the kidneys (Skrabal et al., 2014). Consequently, kidneys generate hormones, which retain water and salt. This results in fluid accumulation inside the system, especially in leg or ankle region. Fluid buildup inside the lungs is the main reason for productive and persistent cough in Lindas case. Fluid buildup throughout the system may cause Linda to gain recent weight. 3. Lindas bending over the bedside table is might be because of her weakness, persistent coughing that makes her more tired, increased heart rate and little elevated respiratory rate. Nursing intervention Rationale Take notes on respiratory depth, rate and ease of breathing. Observation of associated muscles, change in color of mucous membrane Respiration rate may get increased because of pain or initial compensation to accommodate lung tissue scarcity. Nevertheless, increased breathing may indicate rapid oxygen consumption and immense energy expenditure or diminished respiratory reserve. Auscultation of lungs for the movement of air and abnormal sounds of breathing Lack of the movement of air on damaged side of the lungs Evaluation of restless condition and alterations in consciousness level Specify increased hypoxia Encourage resting periods and restrict activities to patient acceptance Increased consumption of oxygen can give rise to increased dyspnoea and alterations in vital indications with activity. Nevertheless, primary mobilization is preferred to assist the patient to avoid pulmonary difficulty and to attain and retain circulatory and respiratory efficiency (BURKE, PENSTON and RILEY, 2008). Maintain airway by properly positioning patient, application of suctioning and airway adjuncts Airway obstruction hampers gas exchange and ventilation. Frequent reposition of patient, place patient in sitting pose and to side position from supine position Maximize drainage secretion and lung expansion. These interventions are associated with impaired gas exchange. Nursing intervention Rationale Suctioning can be applied if breathing sounds do not get cleared after cough effort. After suctioning patient should be advised for deep breathing and coughing soon. Routine suctioning process can increase the chance of mucosal damage and hypoxemia. It should be performed gently to induce effective coughing These interventions are associated with inefficient airway clearance. Nurses should take care of Lindas safety factor. Linda has a chance to fall down so Linda should be assisted with bedrails or nurse aide, who can look after her during her movements. 4. Three nursing diagnoses for Linda should include pain management, fluid management and anxiety control. Pain management in nursing care is very much significant. It helps to evaluate cancer associated pain indications that may involve bone tissues, nerve or viscera. Application of rating scale helps patient to evaluate the pain level and offers tool for examining efficiencies of analgesics and this also enhance pain control. Patient should be provided with proper diet chart that will help the patient to maintain proper fluid balance for the entire day. Linda should be emotionally supported that will help her to initiate discovering and coping with the realism of cancer and associated treatment (Sloman, 2002). Linda might ask for time to recognize feelings or might ask for time to convey them. 5. Nursing intervention associated with pain management may include: asking patient regarding pain, determining characteristics associated with pain, for example: aching, burning and continuous and measure the pain intensity with the help of 0-10scale (Carr, Christensen and Layzell, 2010). Patient should be asked about their complication associated with fluid accumulation in the legs, whether it is painful or what other difficulties the patient is experiencing (Yarbro, Wujcik and Gobel, 2011). The reality about patients concerns and fear should be acknowledged and patient should be supported so that patient can express the inner feelings. 6. Lindas immediate support service might include a nurse aide, who can assist her with activities, movements and she might be support with emergency registered nurse, who can start monitoring and reviewing her ongoing health condition. Case study 2 1: Mr. Papadakis is a diabetic patient. The blood pressure of him found to be 156/72. He has high blood pressure. The normal heart rate is 100 beats per minute but his heart rate is more than normal rate that is 104 beats per minute. The normal temperature of human body is 37 C but his body temperature is slightly more than the normal temperature. 15 years ago he was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and now his blood sugar level is 16.2 mmol/L. His body weight is 78 kgs which is not good for his health. He should reduce his body weight. He is suffering from chronic kidney disease because of the prolong time of diabetes. Recently he was diagnosed with parkinsons disease which is a disorder of central nervous system. The symptoms of this disease are sleeping problem, emotion problems, slowness of walking, dementia, rigidity etc. Because of his extreme blood sugar level he is now taking insulin twice a day. H e was not control his blood sugar level when it was diagnosed initially. For thi s reason oral dose of anti diabetic drug is not working. It is clear that his health condition is deteriorating day by day. He is not maintaining a proper diet chart. A diabetic patient should maintain a proper diet chart for his high blood sugar level but he eats whatever his wife puts infront of him. His health condition is not good but he is not aware of his health. When he had extra insulin when he feels he has eaten too much. The life style of him is not healthy. 2: Diabetes is a vast problem for a society. A person dies from diabetes in every six seconds. Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by a chronic hyperglycemic condition effecting from inadequate action of insulin ('Dyslipidemia Management in Adults With Diabetes', 2003). The blood glucose level of Mr. Papadakis is 16.2 mmol/L. An increased amount of glucose in the blood is an indication that diabetes is out of control. It happens when the body cannot use the insulin or does not have enough insulin. Signs of hyperglycemia are great thirst, dry mouth and need to urinate often (Kidney.org, 2015). For non-diabetic person: Pre-prandial plasma glucose: 4-5.9mmol/L Post-prandial plasma glucose: 7.8mmol/L For type II diabetic patient: Pre-prandial plasma glucose: 4.7mmol/L Post-prandial plasma glucose: 8.5mmol/L Because of the diabetes the small blood vessels are damaged. So the function of the kidney is hampered and they cannot clean the blood. For that reason the amount of water and salt is increasing ('Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Treatment Policy', 2015). 3: Prolong hospitalization is very painful for any patient. Mr. Papadakis is 72 year old diabetic patient ('Dyslipidemia Management in Adults With Diabetes', 2003). Normally he is very lazy in nature and he is not following any direction which is advised by his general physician. So it is more difficult for Mr. Papakadis to maintain a strict routine in hospital. Five possible complications that he may experience as a result of prolonged hospitalization are (Merckmanuals.com, 2015): Hospital- acquired infection: Hospital- acquired infections are known as nosocomial infection. The patients who are hospitalized for prolonged time have the risk for hospital- acquired infections. Urinary tract infection: Sometimes urinary catheter is used for the bed rest patients in the hospital. They are infected by the bacteria and urinary tract infection is developed. Blood clots: The patients who are not moving their arms or legs, they have risk to clot the blood. The patients with bed rest usually cannot move so blood moves slowly. As a result blood will clot. Depression: Due to prolong hospitalization patients become depressed. Because of the less contact with the people patients are feeling helpless. Constipation: Due to less activeness the stool passes slowly all the way through the intestine. So constipation occurs (Uknowledge.uky.edu, 2015). 4: The process of reduction of addiction to abusive drugs is called rehabilitation. Mrs. Papakadis have the tendency to use drugs for a small reason and that is not good for his health. So he needs rehabilitation therapy where a proper care is given by the health professionals. It is very important for the patient to get a support a faith from their family and friends during the rehabilitation process. Because of his age Mr. Papakadis needs a extra care. ('Drug abuse : an opposing viewpoints guide', 2015) 5: The nurse should communicate with the patient. It is the responsibility of the nurse to motivate the patient and encourage for his health awareness (Mukhamedzhanov Esyrev, 2013). In case of Mr. Papakadis he is very lazy in nature and he has not much energy to do some effective exercise. Nurse patient interaction plays an important role in the health care service. Failure in communication can start negative outcomes. The effective nursing care is the major role for the nurse because a patient and the family of the patient both are totally dependent on the care of nurse. The nurse should advise for a good diet chart and motivate for exercise. Mr. Papakadis should check his blood sugar level regularly (Volpe, 2011). Answer 6: Mr. Papakadis should follow a proper diet chart which is made by his general physician. Mr. Papakadis should change his life style. Mr. Papakadis needs a good lifestyle and proper nutrition counseling. Mr. Papakadis is a diabetic patient with high blood pressure. By changing his lifestyle behavior he can improve his health condition. He should follow the proper medication and instructions made by her general physician. His health condition is very poor because of his ignorance. References BURKE, K., PENSTON, H. and RILEY, J. (2008). Audit of specialist nurse pharmacological intervention in chronic heart failure.European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 7, pp.S14-S15. Carr, E., Christensen, M. and Layzell, M. (2010).Advancing nursing practice in pain management. Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub. Coats, A. (2000). The pathophysiology of chronic heart failure.Perfusion, 15(4), pp.281-286. Des Jardins, T. and Burton, G. (2011).Clinical manifestations and assessment of respiratory disease. Maryland Heights, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier. diabetes management therapy. (2015). Retrieved 17 March 2015, from https://diabetes management therapy Drug abuse : an opposing viewpoints guide. (2015). Retrieved 17 March 2015, from https://Scherer, L. (2012). Drug abuse. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Frieri, M. (2005). New concepts in asthma pathophysiology.Curr Allergy Asthma Rep, 5(5), pp.339-340. kidney failure. (2015). Retrieved 17 March 2015, from https://kidnye failure Kidney.org,. (2015).About Chronic Kidney Disease - The National Kidney Foundation. Retrieved 17 March 2015, from https://www.kidney.org/kidneydisease/aboutckd Merckmanuals.com,. (2015).Problems Due to Hospitalization: Hospital Care: Merck Manual Home Edition. Retrieved 17 March 2015, from https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/special_subjects/hospital_care/problems_due_to_hospitalization.html Mukhamedzhanov, E., Esyrev, O. (2013). Novel approach to pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Diabetes Mellitus, (4), 49. doi:10.14341/dm2013449-51 National Service Framework for Diabetes: Standards. (2015). Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/198836/National_Service_Framework_for_Diabetes.pdf Nice.org.uk,. (2009).Type 2 diabetes | Guidance and guidelines | NICE. Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg87 Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Treatment Policy. (2015). Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://. Kaku K et al . Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Treatment Policy. JMAJ, January/February 2010 Vol. 53, No. 1 Rodrguez-Roisin, R. (2005). The Airway Pathophysiology of COPD: Implications for Treatment.COPD: J. of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 2(2), pp.253-262. Skrabal, F., Pichler, G., Gratze, G. and Holler, A. (2014). Adding hemodynamic and fluid leads to the ECG. Part I: The electrical estimation of BNP, chronic heart failure (CHF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) accumulation.Medical Engineering Physics, 36(7), pp.896-904. Sloman, R. (2002). Relaxation and Imagery for Anxiety and Depression Control in Community Patients With Advanced Cancer.Cancer Nursing, 25(6), pp.432-435. Volpe, M. (2011). High Blood Pressure Cardiovascular Prevention is now on MEDLINE.High Blood Pressure Cardiovascular Prevention,18(2), 41. doi:10.2165/11593500-000000000-00000 Yarbro, C., Wujcik, D. and Gobel, B. (2011).Cancer nursing. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Zanchetti, A. (2014). Predictive medicine, pathophysiology and therapeutics.Journal of Hypertension, 32(9), pp.1725-1726.

The Future of Religion

Free Essays on Jefferson

Jefferson was born at Shadwell, his father's home in Albemarle county, Va., on April 13 (April 2, Old Style), 1743. His father, Peter Jefferson, a man of legendary strength, was a successful planter and surveyor who gained minor title to fame as an explorer and mapmaker. His prominence in his own locality is attested by the fact that he served as a burgess and as county lieutenant. Peter's son later held the same offices. Through his mother, Jane Randolph, a member of one of the most famous Virginia families, Thomas was related to many of the most prominent people in the province. Besides being well born, Thomas Jefferson was well educated. In small private schools, notably that of James Maury, he was thoroughly grounded in the classics. He attended the College of William and Marycompleting the course in 1762where Dr. William Small taught him mathematics and introduced him to science. He associated intimately with the liberal-minded Lt. Gov. Francis Fauquier, and read law (1762-1767) with George Wythe, the greatest law teacher of his generation in Virginia. Jefferson became unusually learned in the law. He was admittedto the bar in 1767 and practiced until 1774, when the courts were closed by the American Revolution. He was a successful lawyer, though his professional income was only a supplement. He had inherited a considerable landed estate from his father, and doubled it by a happy marriage on Jan. 1, 1772, to Martha Wayles Skelton. However, his father-in-law's estate imposed a burdensome debt on Jefferson. He began building Monticello before his marriage, but his mansion was not completed in its present form until a generation later. Jefferson's lifelong emphasis on local government grew directly from his own experience. He served as magistrate and as county lieutenant of Albemarle county. Elected to the House of Burgesses when he was 25, he served there from 1769 to 1774, showing himself to be an effective committeeman... Free Essays on Jefferson Free Essays on Jefferson Jefferson was born at Shadwell, his father's home in Albemarle county, Va., on April 13 (April 2, Old Style), 1743. His father, Peter Jefferson, a man of legendary strength, was a successful planter and surveyor who gained minor title to fame as an explorer and mapmaker. His prominence in his own locality is attested by the fact that he served as a burgess and as county lieutenant. Peter's son later held the same offices. Through his mother, Jane Randolph, a member of one of the most famous Virginia families, Thomas was related to many of the most prominent people in the province. Besides being well born, Thomas Jefferson was well educated. In small private schools, notably that of James Maury, he was thoroughly grounded in the classics. He attended the College of William and Marycompleting the course in 1762where Dr. William Small taught him mathematics and introduced him to science. He associated intimately with the liberal-minded Lt. Gov. Francis Fauquier, and read law (1762-1767) with George Wythe, the greatest law teacher of his generation in Virginia. Jefferson became unusually learned in the law. He was admittedto the bar in 1767 and practiced until 1774, when the courts were closed by the American Revolution. He was a successful lawyer, though his professional income was only a supplement. He had inherited a considerable landed estate from his father, and doubled it by a happy marriage on Jan. 1, 1772, to Martha Wayles Skelton. However, his father-in-law's estate imposed a burdensome debt on Jefferson. He began building Monticello before his marriage, but his mansion was not completed in its present form until a generation later. Jefferson's lifelong emphasis on local government grew directly from his own experience. He served as magistrate and as county lieutenant of Albemarle county. Elected to the House of Burgesses when he was 25, he served there from 1769 to 1774, showing himself to be an effective committeeman... Free Essays on Jefferson Jefferson and Slavery The task of drafting the Declaration of Independence fell to Jefferson, who was known for his powerful writing style. Jefferson intended the document "to be an expression of the American mind," but the eloquence of the phrasing was his own. Thomas Jefferson claimed that he used "neither book nor pamphlet" when writing the declaration, but the document reflected a broad understanding of 18th-century political thought. Over time, the Declaration of Independence has profoundly affected American history. Phrases from the document such as "all men are created equal" quickly took on a life of their own or were applied to groups that the authors never anticipated, the ideal conflict being slavery. By Thomas Jefferson owning slaves, it made the Declaration of Independence false and hypocritical. On some level Thomas Jefferson is promoting the very thing he aims to destroy. He wants to rebel against King George the third for taking his very human rights while dehumanizing an entire race in his own household. Had it not been the common practice to have slaves in those days it would probably have destroyed his credibility and also ruined the strength of the document itself. This document, with a few words substituted, could very well be used to rally the black slaves against their owners. Blacks quickly used this language to challenge slavery in the United States. The ideal of equality led Northern states to free slaves within their borders in the 1780s, 1790s and early 1800s. Black and white abolitionists used the ideal that all men were created equal to attack slavery in the South before the Civil War. And civil rights supporters rallied behind Jefferson’s words in their fight against racism in the 1950s and 1960s....

Leadership style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership style - Essay Example The Jack Welsh and Russell Simmons are two important leaders whose leadership has significantly impacted business across the world. Jack Welch, former CEO of General Electric, is renowned for his exemplary leadership quality and his innovative approach in the cutthroat business. He reinforces the concept of value based leadership that promotes and facilitates continuous learning and focuses on participative leadership style that encourages collective decision and mutual trust building to improve and improvise outcome (Welsh, 2005). Simmons on the other hand relies primarily on charismatic leadership that is focused on exploiting the potential of black youth through hip hop culture that may not be applicable for people across the board. His leadership style, is based on inflaming the emotions of the target audience and thereby influence their decision making. McShane defines a leader as ‘one who has vision, perseverance, and the capacity to inspire others’ (2003). Welsh’s leadership addresses organizational leadership and exhorts them to adopt dynamic strategies to meet the challenges of the changing times. The leadership is focused on knowledge and skills of the employees and exploits them to achieve organizational goals. Strong communication skill and intrinsic understanding of human nature become vital factors that inspire change towards the better. Cross cultural understanding and relationship building are strong ingredients of Welsh’s leadership. Simmons’ leadership has emerged from a sense or concept of inequity, racism and self empowerment of the African Americans. He has exploited the cultural dynamics of Hip Hop phenomenon of the black community to address their myriad problems. Welsh encourages creativity and innovative practices that give a unique perspective to participatory approach of management and students. The motivating factor of leadership facilitates adaptability to changing equations, which

Sexist, racist, and homophobic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sexist, racist, and homophobic - Essay Example The most common forms of communication failure and barriers that exist are with regards to language that is racist, homophobic, or sexist. Racist language creates an understanding on the part of the stakeholders within the communication that the individual is blinded to the realities of life and can only focus upon narrow-minded understandings of racial distinctions. Accordingly, the core communication barrier that is exhibited is with respect to an individual within the communication determining that wasting further time attempting to understand or integrate with an individual that exhibits racist tendencies is ultimately a colossal waste of time. Secondly, homophobic language creates an understanding of the fact that an individual who integrates with such a view is unable to accept an individual based upon their sexual orientation. Not only does this represent another close minded approach to the world, it also indicates a situation in which any type of difference with regards to the way in which such a person views the world is understood in terms of â€Å"aberrance†. Once again, communicators within the situation can come to the conclusion that an individual that espouses such a closed minded view is necessarily likely not to integrate with a particular point of view or ideas that might be promoted further within the conversation. As a direct result of homophobic language, individuals within communication settings are oftentimes encouraged to merely in the communications and move on without addressing any further issues; losing a golden opportunity for development of relations. Finally, sexist language might be the most damaging of all. The underlying rationale for this has to do with the fact that even though racial minorities comprise a large percentage of the global population, there are only two genders; male and female. As a direct result of this, within any

Nephew deployment to IRAQ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nephew deployment to IRAQ - Essay Example Charlie is a bright, talented and very obedient young man. I have raised him from the time he didn’t know how to clean his own mess until he became the man he is today. I have taught him to be patient and calculate his steps and actions to avoid making mistakes that he cannot later undo. These virtues are the ones that have made him the person he is today in the military. His devotion to his work is what I believe has made his superiors decide to deploy him to Iraq to join his fellow servicemen to serve this country. I therefore have no doubt in my mind and am sure most of the family members will agree to this that Charlie will not let anyone down. He will continue upholding his values and do the country proud. When you go out there Charlie, remember the other servicemen are your brothers and sisters. Take good care of them and always be the peacemaker and uniting factor. Obey your superiors as they know what is best for you. Above all, remember to pray to the almighty for protection and strength to move on despite everything that may be facing you out there in the foreign land. Never make any hasty decisions that may compromise your safety or that of your colleagues. We will be with you in spirit and prayers and may God grant you the necessary protection and wisdom. Take good care of yourself son, we are proud of you and we will miss you terribly. God bless you my dear

Synthesis and Characterization of Tetraphenyltin

Synthesis and Characterization of Tetraphenyltin ABSTRACTS Tetraphenyltin in high yield has been prepared by the reaction of chlorobenzene, chlorotin (IV) and sodium metal in dry toluene characterized by Infra-red spectroscopy. Introduction Organic compounds that contains metal-carbon bond are called organometallic compounds. Organometallic compounds have been studied for nearly 200 years. Unique properties of these compounds have been used in many areas of life. The reactivity of organometallic compounds depends on the reduction potential of metal. For preparation and use, it is markedly observed that most reactivity requires low to moderate temperature and inert conditions like atmosphere and solvent. Generally the reactivity of these compounds seems like the ionic character of the carbon-metal bond, which may be estimated from the proton and carbon chemical shifts of methyl derivatives. % Ionic character of H3C–Metal as (CH3)2Hg 3)2Cd 3)2Zn 3)2Mg 3L [1]. The first reported organometallic compounds were prepared by the reductive substitution of alkyl halides. Alkali metals have strong or moderate negative reduction potentials, with lithium and magnesium being the most reactive. Halide reactivity increases in the order: Cl _R) tends to predominate. This can also be a problem when allyl or benzyl halides are converted to Grignard or lithium reagent [2]. Organometallic compounds of group (IV) elements There is an exceedingly extensive chemistry of the group four elements bound to carbon and some of the compounds, notably silicon-oxygen polymers and alkyl tin and lead compounds are of commercial importance. Essentially all the compounds are of the type M(IV) type. In the divalent state the only well established compounds are cyclopentadienyl tin alkyls or aryls of formula R2Sn are either transitory or non-existent, and the stable substances of this stoichiometry are linear or cyclic polymers of tetravalent tin. For all the group four elements the compounds can generally be designated R4-nMXn where R is the alkyl or aryl and X can vary widely being H, Cl, O, COR, OR, NR2SR etc. For a given class of compounds those with C-Si and C-Ge bonds have higher thermal stability and lower reactivity than those with bonds to Sn and Pb [3]. Organometallic compounds of Tin There are four series of organotin compounds depending on the number of carbon-tin bonds. These series are designated as mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraorganotin compounds with the general formula: RnSn X4-n Where R = an alkyl or aryl group Sn = the central tin atom in the oxidation state +4 X = a singly charged anion or an anionic organic group [4]. Complexes of transition metals The ability of transition metals to form organo derivatives only begins to be appreciated properly during the nineteen fifties. Nonetheless, the organometallic compounds of transition metals now constitute an enormous, diversified field of chemistry, which is still expanding rapidly. It begins breadth by merging into the field of metal carbonyls and related compounds. They also differ in structure from that of non-transition organo-metal derivatives. The transition metals form compounds in which there is metal to carbon sigma bond although pi bond in some cases may also be formed. More important, the unique characteristic of d orbital allow certain type of unsaturated hydrocarbons and some of their derivatives to be bound to metals in a non-classical manner to give molecules or ions with structures that have no counterpart elsewhere in chemistry. Not only is a wide range of organo compounds of different types are isolable, but also labile species play an important role in olefins, acetylene and their derivatives catalyzed by metal complexes [5]. Applications of Organotin compounds Depending on the organic groups, they can be powerful bactericides and fungicides [4]. Tributyltins are used as industrial biocides, eg. as antifungal agents in textiles and paper, wood pulp and paper mill systems, breweries, and industrial cooling systems. Tributyltins are also used in marine anti-fouling paint [1]. Triphenyltins are used as active components of anti fungal paints and agricultural fungicides [5]. Organotin compounds are widely studied class of meta-based antitumor drugs [2]. Organotin compounds are used in treatment of hyperbilirubinaemia [2]. Organotin compounds are used in chemicals used for wood preservation [1]. Addition of Organotin compounds to PVC increases its stability [1]. Organo metallic transition complexes also have role in molecular rearrangement processes [2]. Hypercoordinated Stannanes Tin compounds can also be coordinated to five atoms instead of the regular four unlike their carbon analogues. The stability of these hypercoordinated compounds is managed by electronegative substituent. In 2007 a stable organotin (all carbon pentaorganostannane) was reported at room-temperature (in argon) [4] in the form of lithium salt with the following structure. The geometry of the molecule is distorted trigonal bipyramidal. The carbon to tin bond lengths are 2.26Ã… apical, 2.17Ã… equatorial. These are larger than regular C–Sn bonds (2.14Ã…) which shows its hypervalent nature. Biological Aspects The chemistry of the organotin(IV) derivatives is being subject of study with growing interest, not only because of the environmental consequences of the widespread use of these compounds, but also as due to the increasingly importance of their medical assays for bactericide and antitumor purposes. In this respect, various triorganotins have been reported recently to be effective against mosquito larvae and adult mosquitoes responsible for malaria and yellow fever, and also some phenyltin derivatives display cardiovascular activity. In general, the structure-activity relationship in this kind of compounds is still subject of controversy, but it seems been established that, for instance, in the case of triorganotin carboxylates, those containing trans-O2SnC3 moieties exhibit a greater biocidal activity than those containing cis-O2SnC3. Organotin compounds have been implicated as reproductive toxicants and endocrine disruptors primarily through studies in aquatic organisms, with little information available in mammals. Among the organotins, aryltins have been less studied than alkyltins. Extensive data is available on mammalian developmental and reproductive toxicity of one aryltin compound, triphenyltin (TPT), from toxicity studies conducted in connection with the registration of triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH) as a pesticide and supporting publications from the open literature. Indications of adverse functional and morphological effects on the reproductive tract of rats were reported in a dose range of 1.4-20 mg/kg/d. Gonadal histopathology (both ovaries and testes) and infertility were affected at the higher doses, while reproductive-tract cancer, smaller litter sizes, and reproductive organ weights were affected at the lower end of the dose range. In vitro studies indicate the TPT can directly activate androgen re ceptor-mediated transcription and inhibit enzymes that are involved in steroid hormone metabolism. These data suggest that the aryltin TPT can be active as a reproductive toxicant in mammals and may be a human endocrine disruptor. Organotins are one of the classes of compounds implicated as â€Å"endocrine disruptors† (Colborn Clement, 1992) primarily on the basis of the finding of imposex in aquatic gastropods (Smith, 1981; Horiguchi et al., 1994). In these organisms, genetic females and parts of the male reproductive system, including the penis and vas deferens, superimposed on a normal female genital system. Implications for mammalian reproduction are less explored. There are no available epidemiological studies of the reproductive toxicity of organotins in humans or mammalian wildlife populations, so that mammalian reproductive toxicity information is limited to laboratory animals. Among the organotins, a particularly large database on reproductive toxicity in laboratory animals is available through studies conducted for registration of triphenyltin hydroxide as a pesticide. Triphenyltin (TPT) came into use as a fungicide and matricide in the 1950s (HSDB, 1998). Currently, about 10 products containing TPT are registered for use as pesticides by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). Registration for TPT hydroxide was cancelled in California in 1983. TPT acetate and hydroxide were banned from use in the European Union (EU) in 2002 (Lo et al., 2003). This review presents and integrates information on reproductive toxicity from the triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH) registration database made available through the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), and includes papers on mammalian reproductive toxicity of other TPT salts. In this review, information from the pesticide registration data is presented in some detail since it is not available. Estimates of exposure for total tin indicate that the main route in the general population is from food, about 4 mg/d. A national survey in the United States in 1982 reported 8.7-15 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­g tin/g in human adipose tissue (ATSDR, 1992). However, these estimates are based on outdated information, and much of the tin came from canned foods (inorganic tin) (ATSDR, 1992). The most recent information for TPT is from Japan (Tsuda et al., 1995). Duplicate portion studies indicated an intake of 0.7 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­g TPT/d in 1991 and 1992, and market basket surveys indicated intakes of 5.4 and 1.3 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­g TPT/d in 1991 and 1992, respectively. Analytical techniques are now becoming available to separate various forms of inorganic and organic tin which promise more accurate human exposure assessment. Chemical equations 2Na + C6H5Cl C6H5Na + NaCl 4 C6H5Na +SnCl4 (C6H5)4Sn + 4NaCl Reagents required: 275 ml of dry toluene (350 ml if wet) 35 ml of chlorobenzene 15 gm of sodium 10 ml of SnCl4 Dry ice Special apparatus required: 500 ml, three neck, round-bottom flask Variac High-speed stirring motor Stirring rod with sharp metal blades Cylinder of argon About 1000 ml of kerosene in pane Extra sintered-glass funnels and filter flask Procedure Fifteen grams of clean sodium chunks and 250 ml of dry toluene are placed in the flask. A thermometer and an argon inlet tube are inserted through one of the side arm of the flask. The other side arm is Stoppard. Insert the stirrer through the main mouth of the flask, taking care of that the stirring blades cannot hit the thermometer and that they are above the chunks of sodium. While stirring gently, and with a slow stream of argon flowing, heat the contents slowly to 105 °. Then lower the stirrer so that the blades are about 1cm from the bottom of the flask and turn the stirrer on full power. It will be found necessary to increase the power input to the heating mental in order to keep the temperature at 105 °. After about 10 min of vigorous stirring at 105 °, remove the heating mantle from the flask. When the temperature has fallen to 99 °, stop the stirrer and allow the flask to cool to room temperature. The sodium should now be in the form of fine sand. Stir the sodium ge ntly to see if any of the particles have agglomerated. If so, the process must be repeated. If the sodium dispersion is not be used immediately, thoroughly flush the flask with the argon and tightly stopper it. Using the heating mantle, heat the dispersion, with moderately vigorous stirring, to 45 °. Attach a dropping funnel containing 35 ml of chlorobenzene to the unused side arm and add 2 to 3 ml of the chlorobenzene to the flask. Notice: The flask should never contain more than 3 ml of un reacted chlorobenzene! If more than this amount is present, an uncontrollably vigorous reaction may take place, resulting in a fire. Remove the heating mantle from the flask. The reaction should start, as evidenced by a rise in the temperature. If the reaction does not start at 45 °, cautiously rise the temperature to 50 ° (no higher!). If the reaction starts at this temperature, the temperature may suddenly rise to as high as 55 °, so be ready to cool the flask quickly with the kerosene bath. (If the reaction does not start at 50 °, cool the flask to room temperature, cautiously hydrolyze the mixture with alcohol, and discard). Temperature in access of 50 ° will not cause great harm at the beginning of the synthesis, but thereafter the temperature must be kept below 45 °; keep the flask partially immersed in the kerosene bath and cool the kerosene bath by occasionally adding pieces of DRY Ice to it. The temperature of the reaction mixture may be held between 40 and 45 ° by adjusting the rate of addition of chlorobenzene. After all the chlorobenzene has been added (about 1 to 2 hours), place a solution of 10ml of stannic chloride in 25ml of toluene in the dropping funnel, and, over a period of 30 min, add this solution to the reaction flask. During this addition, it is necessary to cool the flask so as to keep the temperature below 45 °. The flask now be stored indefinitely (without protection from the air) until the tin tetra phenyl is extracted from the mixture. Wipe the kerosene from the bottom of the flask, and, with moderate stirring, heat the mixture to incipient boiling and quickly filter through a sintered-glass funnel. It is best to keep most of the solid residue in the reaction flask. Cool the filtrate to room temperature and filter off the product on another sintered-glass funnel. Return the filtrate to the original flask and repeat the extraction two or three times until no more product precipitates on cooling the solution to room temperature. It is helpful to add another 100 ml of toluene to the mixture to reduce the necessary number of extractions. The final solution should be cooled in an ice bath before filtering. Suck the crystals of tin tetra phenyl as dry as possible on the filter and then let them air dry for 4 to 20 hours on a watch glass. A yield of about 25 gm of material melting at 266 to 228 ° should be obtained. A pure product (melting at 299 °) may be obtained by re crystallization from benzene or toluene. RESULTS AND DISCUSION Physical data for reported compounds are given in Table 1. Compound # Empirical formula M.P ( °C) Solubility % Yield 1. (C6H5)4Sn 110-112 Toluene, Ethanol, Chloroform 72 IR spectroscopy IR is one of the most important spectroscopic methods used for qualitative and quantitative analysis. It is based on the fact that each compound has its own unique spectra and certain functional groups absorbat about the same wavelength even in different molecules. Its single most important use has been for the identification of organic compounds whose spectra are generally complex and provide numerous maxima and minima that are used for comparison purposes. Indeed in most instances the IR spectrum of the compounds especially of organic compounds provides a unique finger print, which is readily distinguished from the absorption pattern from all other compounds because only optical isomers absorb in the same way. Absorption of IR radiation is confined largely to molecular species for which small energy differences exist between various vibration and rotational states. As for as spectrum is concerned we see a prominent peak at 457cm-1, which indicates the formation of metal to carbon b ond, which shows the formation of our product. For aliphatic CH peak appear at 3057 cm-1 . References P. Powell, Principles of Organometallic Chemistry, (1988), 2nd edition, Chapman and Hall, New York, pp-1-10. T.Mole and E.A Jaffery, Organometallic Compounds, (1972), 3rd edition, Elsvier Publishing Company, London, pp.89-92. F. Albert and Geoffrey Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, (1962), 3rd edition, Interscience Publishers, New York, pp-310-312. J.C Bailar, H.J Emeleus, S.R Nhylom and A.F Trotman, Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, (1973), 2nd edition, Prgmon, New York, pp.153-157. J.C Bailar, H.J Emeleus, S.R Nhylom and A.F Trotman, Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, (1973), 4th edition, Prgmon, New York, pp.89-93. J.W Robinson, Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis, 5th Edition,(995), Marcel Dekker, New York,pp.166-168. A.U Rehman, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, 1st edition,(1989),pp.90-93.

Chronichles of a madman :: essays research papers

Chronicles of a Madman   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Published by New American Library Character Physical Traits Johnny- Tall, skinny, short black hair, dark venomous eyes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Johnny was a tall slender type person who hated the way he looked.† â€Å"He stared down with dark eyes that seemed to go on as an abyss of space.† Squee- A small child with short black hair and blue eyes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Squee was Johnny’s friend, even if he didn’t want to be, it was strange Of Johnny to befriend a child.† â€Å"Squee is very short and portly with short black hair and blue eyes that were like giant sapphires.† Jakki- Tall, slender, long black hair with white streaks down the front sides.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Jakki was a tall skinny Goth type girl with long black hair typically with white stripes down the front sides.† Character Personality Traits Johnny- Johnny is a crazy killer who will stop at nothing to annihilate the world’s population. Johnny is extremely cold hearted person who gruesomely murders any one who makes him mad. This is shown when he rips someone’s spine out of there body simply because the person sneezed on him. Squee- Squee is very scared and can never grip reality, growing up with the terrible parents that he has. He can never be happy, the only person he has been friends with is Johnny and he is frightened to death of him. Inside Squee is truly a great person, this is shown when he helps a dieing dog heal and stay alive, Squee spent weeks helping the poor dog. Jakki- Jakki is a strong, intelligent, brave person. She has been on the run from Johnny for almost two years. She has shown that she can overcome the hardest of times when she was right in the grip of Johnny’s wrath she was the only one to survive in a three mile radius. Setting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This story takes place in a post apocalyptic future world, Johnny chases Jakki all around the world, but the book never really names the specific places. The whole world is in ruins due to Johnny’s wrath. Plot   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first main event was that Johnny had met Squee. Johnny helped Squee understand that his parents are not the ones turning him into an evil person. Johnny helped Squee become a much better person   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another main event was when Johnny was chasing after Jakki, Being the only person he has never been able to kill has been quite vexing to Johnny. This event has been very exciting.

Meaning of Apathy

Apathy involves people either being content with their current status and the world around them, or being ignorant to those same surroundings. Apathetic citizens of any nation can cause the foundations of society to crumble because these people think everything is well on the surface, when in actuality, it is not. A society can go from having economic success one day, to being in a depression or even revolution as a result of apathy. The way to combat apathy in society is for the authorities to educate people on what their political system and its policies are. If people knew more about their politicians and their specific policies, they would want to get involved in changing society in order to benefit themselves. They would realize that whoever is elected to office, whichever it might be, affects their lives both indirectly and directly. As a result of the entire population getting involved in the political system of his or her nation, society would be able to continually change so that it could maintain economic success, low unemployment rates, and equality. Change is necessary for a society to stay healthy, and as Goldstone said in his essay â€Å"Revolution†, â€Å"Social and political change is not a problem. Social change is an ongoing in most societies†¦ A society that is stagnant often suffers from a social order that is ‘too stable†. Without change, a change society cannot make progress or solve social problems such as poverty and extreme inequality† (Primis 181). If society does remain stagnant, then economic success can lead to an apathetic population, and this can lead to repression, and eventually to revolution. The best way to study and analyze the apathy in society is to look at the voting rates from year to year. By investigating voting, one can see through percentages and numbers precisely how involved people are in politics. When the economy is doing well, as it is today in the United States, voting numbers usually decrease because people become apathetic, and they are less concerned about changes that might affect them. Due to the fact that some people are much better off financially than they ever have, they become less interested in politics and more interested in spending their well-earned money. It is when people begin to suffer economically that they become more involved with politics because they feel that a change in the status quo is necessary for them to escape whatever economic recession they are in. Sometimes people get sick with all the lies and promises that come out of politician†s mouths that they become apathetic towards voting. Rather than give one of these politicians who are only seen as â€Å"the better of two evils† a vote, they choose not to vote at all. Their frustration with their choices results in them becoming apathetic and in his essay â€Å"Toward A Theory of Revolution†, Davies says that revolutions â€Å"need both a period of rising expectations and a succeeding period in which there are frustrated qualities (Primis 205). Thus, a period of economic success, followed by the population being frustrated with its† political figures, can ultimately lead to a collapse in society. This apathy then results in people becoming too content with their current status and they then ask fewer questions, and this can cause foundations to crumble. The cycle then continues, with apathy leading to ignorance, and this can result in people blindly following the status quo, rather than examining the issues. Then, before these non-voting citizens know it, there will be revolutionary ideals floating about society. As long as the country continues to be economically successful, and the people view one candidate as too similar to the opposition, then people will continue to be apathetic because they feel the choices are not really choices at all. Apathy not only results from contentment and frustration, but also from ignorance. Democracy is something everyone learns as early as kindergarten. When the teacher asks if it will be kickball or dodge ball at recess, the majority usually wins. It is an easy lesson for a 5-year-old to learn, as is raising your hand for what you want. However, one of the most simple and necessary elements of a democracy is the reliance on active participation in the government by a majority of the population. If the participants are not influenced to be active, the system fails. By educating students and the public about the value of the system, the education system could help combat apathy. The tradition that college graduates are looked upon with more respect than the less educated has ended. How can the so-called higher educated members of society gain any respect when most graduates are unable or unwilling to participate in a ritual of our nation? The problem is that traditional education, that included more intensive study of government, has been replaced by a system that increasingly focuses on technology and skills training but may be failing in educating good citizens. A higher education should be more than job preparation; it should be a continuing desire to improve and guarantee the quality of life for generations to come. With a lack of knowledge in politics and democracy comes the myth that one vote does not make a difference. Many young adults have no faith in the system, therefore they do not vote due to the feeling of disappointment that their vote does not matter. How often do you hear young adults say, â€Å"I did not vote because I don't feel as if my vote would count. † Others are disenchanted with the political system because voting in the past never produced results. However, young people today need to realize that one voice does make a difference. In addition, if more young adults took an interest, politicians would be forced to listen. For example, financial aid is one of many issues at hand in recent political campaigns. If politicians continue to cut student aid, some young people may not have a chance for a college education. Thus, young adults must have faith in the system and increase the number of young voters. Otherwise, politicians will continue to cater only to the needs of the older generation that is voting them into office. The two largest voting publics in the United States are senior citizens and the college aged groups (Gherry 328). Ironically, it is the senior citizens who are the more politically informed, and who vote in the greatest numbers. These statistics support the contention that the youth of America are becoming less informed about the process and necessity of voting, and are also more apathetic about the true significance of voting. As Americans, we must do something about voter apathy because not only does voting allow us to be active in the political process, it enables us to fulfill our civic duty and exert our political influence. Contrary to public opinion, every vote makes a difference in this process and it may not seem like it, but if more people began to vote, they would definitely get noticed. Ironically, the last presidential election should have supported the idea of voter significance, yet served to create more apathy because of the post-election mess that occurred. Many people now feel the popular vote did not reign supreme, and that the voting system itself was shown to have more problems than was previously thought. To let our representatives know what we want, we must also exert our political influence by being politically active. How can we do this? We can vote in state, local, and national elections, lobby to persuade our representatives to vote a certain way, and write letters to our representatives about policy issues. Of course, there are other ways of being politically active; to me, these are the most effective. One thing needs to take place, and that is educational awareness of the political system and its impact, pure and simple. A good way to start getting votes out would be to have the majority rules method of voting. If you could just see that your vote made a difference in the election of the president of your nation, it would make you want to vote again. If the nation would listen to the educated people of the country instead of listening to the media, then the nation would be a whole lot better in terms of economics, welfare, war, and our society in general. In my opinion, we the people of this nation do not care about these campaigns that are putting the other candidates down, we just want to hear the good things about what they can do to better our nation. There is not anything that Americans hate more than liars and back stabbers. By â€Å"getting the vote out,† we voice our opinions on important issues. By participating in the political process, we fulfill our civic duty. By exerting our political power, we shape our government policies. The best way to get involved in our political process is to vote, so people have to get out there, get registered, and go vote in the next election. Voter apathy has lead to a dangerous situation in American politics. People have not listened to the issues and have therefore been left with candidates who seem to be all the same, only with different rhetoric and different levels of charisma. Most people when questioned about their vote related that they were more against Gore and the Clinton administration than they were for Bush, and the reasons were more over moral behavior than policy making. The simple fact that during the past four years the country has experienced unprecedented economic growth, yet the incumbent administration was narrowly voted out, signals a public more concerned with the behavior of its leaders in the bedroom than their political policies. Bush represents the status-quo as much as Gore does, and the recent election really only revealed a public split between two candidates whose only difference seemed to be that one was aligned with his predecessor who had fallen from public moral grace. In order to have more clear-cut choices in candidates and over issues, there must be a movement in the United States to bring political education back into the classroom. An uninformed, politically uneducated public is a dangerous one because that public easily becomes apathetic. Yet, it is the public that has allowed candidates steeped in rhetoric rather than issues to continue to hold office. This cycle is one that needs to be broken, and it is not going to be broken by those currently in office because they naturally want to keep the status quo going. It is the future voters, and voters from ages 18 to 30 who must start taking an active interest in our political system, become aware of the issues and the process, and care enough to see that voting intelligently can and will make a difference in our country†s future.

Houyhnhnms In Action

Houyhnhnms In Action Free Online Research Papers In Jonathon Swift’s Gulliver’s travels, part four introduces the Houyhnhnm race. The Houyhnhnms are the leaders of their land, which the main character, Lemuel Gulliver, finds shocking since they are horses. What Gulliver sees in this group and what Swift was actually portraying are opposite. On the surface the race seems to follow a Utopian like lifestyle, yet underneath they are far from perfect. There seemingly noble creatures follower a strict lifestyle that they say does not involve any type of evil. The hypocrisy in this is how uncivilized they treat the less superior race, Yahoos, who have striking similarities to humans. Some suggest they are the biggest example of satire in Swift’s entire work. Other’s suggests their downfalls represent why humans do not live the Utopian lifestyle. While there are many good, noble qualities in their land, some necessary privileges as an individual are stripped. In Houyhnhnms, the good of the individual is nullified for the good of the race as a whole. The Houyhnhnms represent an ideal of rationality. Their lifestyle is based on simplicity and their rules all work towards the common goal of bettering the race. The â€Å"ideal† plan that each individual follows tells how each one will love, communicate, breed, and, in simpler terms, live. Perhaps the most appealing aspect of their culture is the lack of any lies, deceit, jealousy, hatred, or anything else considered â€Å"evil†. These ideas do not even exist in their world; there is no word for â€Å"lie† in the language. Another huge appeal in their lifestyle is how everything is thought through in order to benefit from it. Instead of jumping to certain conclusions, the Houyhnhnms take the good out of situations. When dealing with Gulliver, they observe him in the beginning enough to understand he is unlike any Yahoo they have ever encountered. The Houyhnhnm master even goes as far as communicating with Gulliver to learn more about his life. E. Sullivan compares Houyhnhnms to men saying, â€Å"Houyhnhnms are more rational than men†¦ man ought to be swayed by reason†¦clean†¦decent-but†¦ they have to refer to our world.† (Sullivan) Another distinct difference between this race and man’s is their strict practice of family planning. The word â€Å"love† seems to have a completely one-sided meaning. They love everyone equally, therefore no one individual is loved more than another. This practice not only prevents jealousy, it restricts forming relationships to a breeding purpose. Mary P. Nichols states, â€Å"Just as they are free from envy and malice, so are they free from sexual passions.† (Nichols) She also goes on to discuss the many reasons for their mating based relationships that are found in part four. Rather than finding mates on a mental compatibility, they search for a perfect blend of genetics. The Houyhnhnms choose others that will make well-blinded colors in their offspring. They also, â€Å"[†¦] value the strength in the male and comeliness in the female [†¦]† (Nichols) These relations were not based on love so they could preserve their race from degenerating. Extending what they will do, families will actually swap children to keep the ratio of one female offspring to one male offspring. This concept reflects on a time much later than the piece was written; this family dynamic relates to a more modern yet classic idea of the perfect four-piece family. Reflecting on this race being based on reason, they believe marriage is a necessary act of a reasonable being. Another paradox in the Houyhnhnms and the Utopian idea is with Eden itself. The race itself shares certain ignorance towards anything malice just as Adam and Eve did. Swift includes many references throughout the final journey but leaves out religion. Perhaps this was done on purpose to see if readers would wonder what was missing. Although religion as a subject is missing there are various similarities that push the underlying theme of religion anyway. Margarot Thickstun suggests that Swift presents Houyhnhnmland as a somewhat Eden-like place because, â€Å" [†¦] the reason with which he endows the Houyhnhnms is not a philosophical concept but an example of the ‘erect Reason’ of Adam and Eve in Paradise.† (Thickstun) Perhaps Swift was suggesting that by nullifying evil in their society, grave saves them. Thickstun discusses many powerful points that describe the Houyhnhnms as â€Å"prelapsarian† beings, they are comfortable in their bodies as w ell as their environments; Just as Adam and Ever were before their expulsion from Eden. Better stated, â€Å"They do not require clothes for warmth, they do not become ill†¦they do not understand the meaning of shame.† (Thickstun) The connection between the two on the Eden level is only one part of the paradox. The Houyhnhnm master argues that, â€Å"Nature and Reason were guides for a reasonable animal, as we pretended to be, in showing us what we ought to do, and what to avoid.† While much good stems from the Utopian/ Eden lifestyle, some unintended betrayal of personality come hand in hand. For a land so concentrated with peace and well-being, they seem infatuated with disgust for the Yahoo people. The idea of enslaving a creature to the extent of what they do seem out of the ordinary. With the humanlike Yahoos answering their every beck and call, even pulling their wagons. They are symbolized by sin, greed, lust, and everything else the society does not participate in. Gulliver notices the similarities in figures but does not identify with the Yahoos on any other level. Thickstun points out, â€Å"He sees a connection, but he does not yet see it with conviction.† (Thickstun) The Yahoos seem to represent a dramatized and over emphasized version of Europeans, what Gulliver is, and the Houyhnhnms represent what Gulliver is working for so the world will be fixed. Swift also seemed to have taken two roles and reversed them to confuse people on what they truly believe is right and wrong. The cruelty to the Yahoos seems unlawful because readers can relate to the m on a human bases, yet if Swift had the Yahoo’s be the civilized colony and the horses were the ones pulling them around it would not seem unsettling. This parallel entertains the mind into reorganizing ones morals. The Houyhnhnms are perceived by Gulliver as a righteous, virtuous, and as an all around good race. Yet due to the certain ways they govern themselves, the evil seeps through. Although it seeps sparingly, it is still present. Human nature does not naturally fit the mold for the simple morals of this race, for regular mankind is extremely complex with emotion and intuitions. These feelings are was created Gulliver’s initial reaction. Yet in time, the Houyhnhnms manipulate Gulliver’s thoughts to push him away from his normal identity and more into their thought process. Nichols explains, â€Å"In his love of the Houyhnhnm, Gulliver accepts an idea of perfection which makes it impossible for him either to understand or to participate in human life.† (Nichols) They take him out of his normal comfort zone and present their own outlooks in life, not giving him any of their downfalls. Thickstun ties Gulliver’s actions to the underlying religious aspects of t he story, â€Å" Gulliver’s decision mirrors a Puritan impulse to withdraw, or separate, into ‘pure’ communities.† (Thickstun) After Gulliver becomes completely devoted to the Houyhnhnms lifestyle, they turn on him. In the start they judge him as a superior to the regular filthy, malicious Yahoos, but in the end they kick him out. The decision to eject Gulliver from their Paradise is evidence of how fallible they truly are. Gulliver being kicked out also related to Adam and Eve’s decent from Eden. When he returns to Europe he is faced with all the evils that infiltrated the world long, long ago. It was his love for the simple society that he struggled to find for so long, yet even this perfect world ended up hurting him in the end. After all his journey’s to find a society that he felt more in place with, this was the one, yet it took the opposite by actually rejecting him as not good enough. Though the Houyhnhnms seem to have an extremely virtuous lifestyle, there are crucial elements mankind possesses that their race did not have. Sullivan suggests, â€Å"The ‘horses’†¦ obviously represent the rationality and natural virtue that only a ‘modern’ fool†¦would presume mankind to be possessed of.† (Sullivan) The lack of individuality seriously depletes from their characters. By erasing certain words in their language, they are erasing the emotions that form personalities. Emotions like envy and passion have life lessons that go along with them. Love is also a major difference. If one feels only an even amount of love for everyone, there is a lack of intimate relationships between individuals. No one individual really knows another on an extremely personal level. This falls back into the idea of mating for a strictly breeding purpose. Nichols explain, â€Å"The Houyhnhnms†¦seem to have nothing of their own to which they are attached.† (Nichols) They do not even love their offspring enough due to their practice of trading out one offspring for another if it is of the same sex as the first offspring. Another situation that suggests the race is detached from any persons is if a couple that is past the age of childbearing loses an offspring, another is donated to them. It is seen more as a trade off than the human type of adoption programs. â€Å"The Houyhnhnms neither feel nor offer compassion [†¦]†, states Thickstun. Only appearing to be, â€Å"representatives of admirable and attainable qualities.† (Sullivan) They were void of humor, creativity, and passion; yet still seem to come off a bit arrogant at times. Aside from personality traits that are lacking, there are the simplest of individuality aspects they do not possess. There are references to the difference characters, yet none of them have proper names. Even their language is basic, used solely to communicate their needs. With all of these aspects, the race itself is interchangeable, owning no individual identities. In a seemingly black and white situation, the Houyhnhnms are both the simplest and the most complex of Swift’s characters. They are an incredibly stagnant society with no extreme ups and downs; In short, they lack dynamic. Their daily life is predictable, leaving no room for experiencing life. The Utopian lifestyle they portray seems enjoyable to an onlooker at first glance, even Gulliver fell for the charade. However, in the end, he felt more emotion than they understood by getting expelled from their society. Through the ideas of the community, they end up representing the most rational aspects of humankind. Swift insists his reader question what love was if there was no jealously or passion. Without sad how would one know they were happy? Swift causes his readers to question if a â€Å"perfect† life really could be perfect. Although one may find versions of  "Gulliver’s Travels† in the children’s section of the library, the book questions the very morals of mankind, and is a moving and high impact piece of literature that forces its reader to do some soul searching and deep thinking. Nichols, Mary P. â€Å"Rationality and Community: Swift’s Criticism of the Houyhnhnms.† Studies in English Literature (Rice) 34.3 (Summer 1981): 318. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Burlington County Library, Burlington, NJ. 1 December 2007. Sullivan, E.E. Houyhnhnms and Yahoos: From Technique to Meaning. Studies in English Literature (Rice) 24.3 (Summer 1984): 497. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Burlington County Library, Burlington, NJ. 1 December 2007.. Thickstun, Margaret Olofso. The puritan origins of Gullivers conversion in Houyhnhnmland. Studies in English Literature (Rice) 37.3 (Summer 1997): 517. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Burlington County Library, Burlington, NJ. 1 December 2007.. Jennifer Buckley Jennifermbuckley@yahoo.com Research Papers on Houyhnhnms In ActionHonest Iagos Truth through Deception19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThree Concepts of PsychodynamicHip-Hop is ArtComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andGenetic Engineering

Free Essays on Realistic Ratings

Tanylle Casper Realistic Ratings After a long day at work, Tom’s mother walks in the door and down the hall to Toms room to let him know that she is home. As she approached his door she hears a streaming flow of foul language blaring out from under Toms door. She quickly opes her 12 year old’s door to find Tom, pants sagging with a bandana on his head, screaming out the lyrics of Eminem’s latest album. She quickly turns off the thumping sound and asks Tom where he got the CD. He said that he bought in on his way home from school with the money he earning mowing the lawn. Music! What’s the big deal? Why should anyone care what an individual listens too? Music can create a mood. When someone wants to relax he might listen to calm soothing music. When someone is in a good mood, she could listen to upbeat top 40's music. When someone has had a rough day where nothing thing goes right, she may crank up the heavy metal. Or when someone is mad at the world he might throw in a rap cd. There is nothing wrong with just listening to music, but more often then not, that is not the case. Listening is not enough. People,especially young teens and pre-teens, want to look, act, sing, and dress like their favorite music star. Or, sometimes worse, they want to be the kind of people their idols are singing about. The government has made the music industry put warning labels on cd’s with explicit lyrics, but they are vague, limited to explicit material, and still anyone may buy the cd. Cd’s should be rated like movies, and those rated â€Å"R† should not be sold to teens younger then 17 without adult supervision, because parents need an easily recognizable rating system to decide if the cd’s lyrics might adversely influence their teen. Parents often throw up their hands and say ‘I can't always turn off the radio or monitor what they're listening too,’ and they’re absolute... Free Essays on Realistic Ratings Free Essays on Realistic Ratings Tanylle Casper Realistic Ratings After a long day at work, Tom’s mother walks in the door and down the hall to Toms room to let him know that she is home. As she approached his door she hears a streaming flow of foul language blaring out from under Toms door. She quickly opes her 12 year old’s door to find Tom, pants sagging with a bandana on his head, screaming out the lyrics of Eminem’s latest album. She quickly turns off the thumping sound and asks Tom where he got the CD. He said that he bought in on his way home from school with the money he earning mowing the lawn. Music! What’s the big deal? Why should anyone care what an individual listens too? Music can create a mood. When someone wants to relax he might listen to calm soothing music. When someone is in a good mood, she could listen to upbeat top 40's music. When someone has had a rough day where nothing thing goes right, she may crank up the heavy metal. Or when someone is mad at the world he might throw in a rap cd. There is nothing wrong with just listening to music, but more often then not, that is not the case. Listening is not enough. People,especially young teens and pre-teens, want to look, act, sing, and dress like their favorite music star. Or, sometimes worse, they want to be the kind of people their idols are singing about. The government has made the music industry put warning labels on cd’s with explicit lyrics, but they are vague, limited to explicit material, and still anyone may buy the cd. Cd’s should be rated like movies, and those rated â€Å"R† should not be sold to teens younger then 17 without adult supervision, because parents need an easily recognizable rating system to decide if the cd’s lyrics might adversely influence their teen. Parents often throw up their hands and say ‘I can't always turn off the radio or monitor what they're listening too,’ and they’re absolute...